Maƙerin ulun Yarn

Ilimin Yarn ulu

Yadin ulu ya ƙunshi furotin. Amfani da ulu da ɗan adam zai iya komawa zuwa zamanin Neolithic, wanda ya yadu daga tsakiyar Asiya zuwa Bahar Rum da sauran sassan duniya, sannan ya zama babban kayan yadi a Asiya da Turai. Fiber na ulu yana da taushi kuma mai roba, kuma ana iya amfani da shi don yin ulun ulu, zaren ulu, bargo, ji da sauran kayan masarufi. Kayayyakin ulu suna da halaye na cikakkiyar jin daɗin hannu, riƙe da zafi mai kyau da sawa mai daɗi. Tumaki ulun yadin da aka yi a cikin adadi mai yawa na albarkatun yadi. Ostiraliya, tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, New Zealand, Argentina, da China sun fi yawan noman ulun tumaki a duniya. Dangane da inganci da tsayi, ulun tumaki ya kasu kashi biyar: ulu mai kyau, ulu mai laushi, ulu mai tsayi, ulun matasan, da ulu mara nauyi. Irin ulun tumaki na kasar Sin sun hada da ulun Mongolian, ulun Tibet da ulun Kazakh. Babban abubuwan da ake kimanta ingancin ulu sune lafiya, curl, launi, ƙarfi, da abun cikin sako.

Kundin abun ciki

1. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na ulu 2. Bambanci tsakanin ulu da cashmere 3. Babban yanki na samarwa 4. Tsarin ulu 5. Nau'in ulu 6. Rini na ulu 7. Abubuwan sinadarai 8. Hanyar sarrafawa 9. Fuskar bangon waya Hanyar magani na fiber ulu 10. Hanyar hukunci

Amfanin yarn ulu

Wool yarn shine muhimmin albarkatun kasa don masana'antar yadi. Yana da fa'idodi na elasticity mai kyau, ƙaƙƙarfan ɗaukar danshi, da kyakkyawan riƙewar zafi. Duk da haka, saboda farashi mai yawa, ba a yi amfani da shi da yawa don samar da kayan da ba a saka ba. Yadudduka waɗanda ba saƙa da aka samar tare da yadudduka masu kyau na ulu suna iyakance ga ƴan yadudduka masu daraja na masana'antu irin su barguna masu nau'in allura da manyan allura masu nau'in nau'i. Gabaɗaya, gajerun gashi da ƙaƙƙarfan gashi a cikin sarrafa yarn ulu ana amfani da su don samar da yadudduka masu goyan bayan kafet, yaduddukan sandwich ɗin kafet ɗin allura, kayan kariya na zafi da sauran samfuran ta hanyar naushin allura da ɗinki. Irin wannan ulu yana da tsayi daban-daban, da ƙazanta masu yawa, rashin iya jurewa, da wahalar sarrafawa. Za a iya bi da samfuran ta hanyar sinadarai don inganta inganci. An san suturar ulu saboda kyawawan dabi'u, kyawawan halaye da kuma yanayin yanayi, musamman cashmere yana da sunan "zinari mai laushi".

Bambanci tsakanin ulu da cashmere

Abin da ya zo daga tumaki ana kiransa ulu, ba karammiski ba, ba shakka kuma ana iya kiransa ulu mai laushi.
Cashmere daga awaki kawai ake kira cashmere, wanda shine cashmere, cashmere. Cashmere wani siriri ne na karammiski mai laushi wanda ke tsirowa a saman fatar awaki kuma yana boye tushen gashin akuya. Yana girma a cikin lokacin sanyi don tsayayya da iska da sanyi, kuma ya faɗi bayan bazara ya zama dumi. A dabi'ance ya dace da yanayin. Fiber dabba ce da ba kasafai ba.
1. An jera ma'auni na ulu da ƙarfi da kauri fiye da cashmere, kuma kayan niƙansa sun fi na cashmere girma. Wurin waje na fiber cashmere ƙarami ne kuma santsi, kuma akwai layin iska a tsakiyar fiber ɗin, don haka yana da nauyi kuma yana jin santsi da kakin zuma.
2. Matsakaicin ulun ulu ya fi ƙasa da na cashmere, kuma lambar ƙima, ƙimar ƙima da ƙimar dawowar fiber cashmere sun fi girma. Ya dace da aiki a cikin suturar saƙa tare da cikakken jin daɗin hannu, taushi da kuma elasticity mai kyau. Yana da dadi kuma na halitta don sawa. Kyawawan kaddarorin ragewa, musamman ta fuskar rashin raguwa bayan wankewa, kiyaye surar da kyau, da dai sauransu. Domin cashmere yana da kitse na dabi'a, an tsara shi sosai a cikin juzu'i da saƙa, kuma yana da haɗin kai mai kyau, don haka yana da kyakkyawar riƙewar zafi, wanda shine. 1.5 zuwa 2 sau na ulu.
3. Fatar da ke cikin fata ta fi na ulu sama da na ulu, kuma tsaurin fiber na cashmere ya fi na ulu, wato cashmere ya fi ulu laushi.
4. Rashin daidaituwa na fineness na cashmere ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da na ulu, kuma bayyanar ingancin samfuransa ya fi na ulu.
5. Lalacewar fiber na cashmere iri ɗaya ne, ƙarancinsa ya fi na ulu kaɗan, kuma ɓangaren giciye galibi madauwari ne na yau da kullun, samfuransa sun fi na ulu haske da sirara.
6. Cashmere yana da mafi kyawun ɗaukar danshi fiye da ulu, yana iya cika rini, kuma ba shi da sauƙin fashewa. Sake dawo da danshi yana da girma kuma ƙimar juriya tana da girma.
7. Wool yana da mafi kyawun acid da alkali juriya fiye da cashmere, kuma ba shi da lahani fiye da cashmere idan ya ci karo da oxidants da rage abubuwan da ake bukata.
8. Gabaɗaya, juriya na samfuran ulu ya fi na samfuran cashmere, amma raguwar ji ya fi girma.

Asalin asali

Amfanin samar da ulu na duniya yana cikin yankin kudu.
Danyen ulu na Oceania ya kai kusan kashi 40% na duk danyen ulun duniya. Ostiraliya galibi tana samar da ulu mai kyau, kuma New Zealand galibi tana samar da ulu mai laushi. Matsakaicin abin da ake samarwa na ulu a kowace shekara ya fi kilogiram 5.0. Matsayin samar da ulu a Kudancin Amurka shima yana da girma. Ostiraliya, New Zealand, Tarayyar Soviet da China sune manyan ƙasashe masu samar da ulu, kuma abin da suke fitarwa ya kai kusan kashi 60% na ulun da ake samarwa a duniya. Baya ga Ostiraliya da New Zealand, manyan ƙasashen da ke fitar da ulu sun haɗa da Argentina, Uruguay, da Afirka ta Kudu.
Babban yankunan da ake samar da ulu na cikin gida sune yankin Mongoliya ta ciki mai cin gashin kanta. Da laushin ulun da aka samar a arewa maso gabas saboda yanayin yanayi mai kyau ya dace da masana'antar masana'anta.

Tsarin tsari na ulu

Wool siririyar siririyar silinda ce mai lanƙwasa. Tsarin fiber ya kasu kashi uku, wato ma'auni Layer, da cortex Layer da medulla Layer.
Sikeli Layer: Ma'auni Layer shine saman saman ulu. Yana tsiro a wata hanya, daga tushen zuwa ƙarshen gashi. Kowace sikelin an haɗa shi da cortex a ƙarshen tushen gashi, kuma ɗayan ƙarshen yana shimfiɗa waje, rufewa da haɗi. Yawan ɗaukar nauyin ma'auni akan ulu ya bambanta sosai saboda nau'in ulu. Mafi ƙarancin ulun, mafi yawan ma'auni, mafi tsayin ɓangaren da ya mamaye, kuma ma'auni galibi suna da siffar zobe. Mafi kauri ulun, ƙananan ma'auni, da guntu tsawon abin rufe fuska. Mafi yawan ma'auni na corrugated da sikelin kifi ne, suna mamaye juna. Tun da ma'aunin sikelin ya shimfiɗa a waje kuma yana fitowa, idan an ƙara haɓaka tsakanin zaruruwa, za a kame juna don samar da sakamako mai ji, kuma ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa zai ƙarfafa a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi da zafi. Har ila yau, ma'auni na ma'auni na iya ba da ulu mai kyau. Tsarin ɓarna yana da tauri, don haka ulu yana da kayan kariya da gurɓataccen abu.
Cortex: Cortex shine babban bangaren ulun zaruruwa. Ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin furotin da yawa, kuma ana kiran abun da ke ciki keratin ko keratin. Kwayoyin suna manne da juna, kuma akwai gibi a tsakanin. Layer cortex shine babban ɓangaren da ke ƙayyade kayan aikin jiki, inji da sinadarai na zaruruwan ulu. Ya kasu kashi biyu: orthocortex da paracortex. A cikin zaren ulun da aka nada, ana iya daidaita shi kuma a tsawaita shi zuwa kusan kashi 20% bayan an matsa masa. Bayan an annashuwa, ana iya dawo da asalin murɗaɗɗen yanayin. Waɗanda ke gefen waje na igiyar lanƙwasa ana kiran su sel orthocortical, kuma waɗanda ke gefen ciki ana kiran su paracortical sel. Layin orthocortical yana da ƙananan abun ciki na sulfur fiye da Layer na paracortical, don haka ya fi aiki da sauƙi a tabo. Akasin haka gaskiya ne ga Layer na paracortical. A cikin ulu mai kyau na nau'i mai kyau, nau'in ƙwayoyin cortical guda biyu suna tattara akan rabi biyu na gashin gashi kuma suna haɗuwa da juna tare da axis fiber, wanda ake kira isomerism na biyu.
Medulla Layer: Layer medulla wani abu ne maras kyau a tsakiyar ɓangaren ulun ulu. Gabaɗaya, ulu mai ƙaƙƙarfan ulu ba shi da maɗauri, yayin da ulu mai kauri yana da digiri daban-daban na Layer medullary. Yawancin medulla, madaidaiciya da wuyar siffar ulu, kuma mafi muni da inganci. Wool da babban adadin medulla Layer yana da karye kuma yana da rauni, tare da ƙarancin nadi, kuma ulun da ya bushe ana kiransa mataccen gashi. Wasu ulu suna da ɓangaren litattafan gashi mai katsewa, kuma fiber yana da sifofin gashi mai kyau da ƙarancin gashi a lokaci guda. Irin wannan ulu ana kiransa ulu iri biyu.

Nau'in ulu

Wool yana da hanyoyi da sunaye daban-daban.
①Bisa ga tsarin histological:

Za a iya raba filayen gashi zuwa nau'i biyu: gashi mai laushi da gashi maras nauyi. Gashin da aka lalata ya ƙunshi yadudduka uku na sel na sikelin, cortex da medulla; gashin da ba a gyara ba ba shi da medulla. Ma'auni na ma'auni yana da tasirin kariya, kuma siffarsa da tsarinsa na iya rinjayar ikon ulu don shayar da danshi, ji da nuna haske. An haɗa Layer cortex a ƙarƙashin ma'auni kuma yana da alaƙa da ƙarfi, haɓakawa da elasticity na fiber ulu. Mafi ƙarancin ulu, mafi girman girman rabo. Layin medulla shine babban fasalin gashin medullary. Yana cikin tsakiyar ɓangaren gashin gashi. Ya ƙunshi sel guda ɗaya tare da tsarin sako-sako da cike da iska. Yana da sauƙi don rarrabe matakin ci gaba ta hanyar lura da sashin giciye a ƙarƙashin na'urar microscope. Da yawan haɓakar medulla Layer, mafi girman diamita na fiber da ƙananan ƙimar fasaha.
② Dangane da halaye masu girma, tsarin nama da halayen tsari na fiber ulu:

Ana iya raba shi zuwa fulf, gashi, gashi mai nau'i biyu, gashi mara kyau da gashin kare. Gashin gaɓoɓin gashi gajere ne waɗanda ke tsiro a fuska da ƙananan ƙafafu, kuma ba su da darajar fasaha. Kare gashi gashin gashi ne wanda farkon gashin gashi ya samo asali a farkon haɓakar ƴan raguna masu gashi, waɗanda sannu a hankali ake maye gurbinsu da gashin marasa medullary yayin shayarwa. Don haka, akwai nau'ikan gashin ulu guda 3 kawai, gashi mai gashi, da gashi iri biyu waɗanda za'a iya amfani da su azaman ɗanyen kayan ulu don jujjuyawar ulu. Ana rarraba furen a cikin ƙasan Layer na shag ulu qult. Kyakkyawar ulun ulu yana kunshe da fluff, fiber yana da kyau kuma daidai, matsakaicin diamita bai wuce 25 microns ba, kuma tsawon shine 5-10 cm. Yana da taushi kuma mai lankwasa, tare da elasticity mai kyau da laushi mai laushi. Gashi, ko m gashi, ya kasu kashi uku iri: al'ada gashi, bushe gashi da matattu gashi, forming waje Layer na shag ulu Quilt. Gashi na yau da kullun yana da ƙarancin 40 zuwa 120 microns, tare da ƙarancin lanƙwasa da rashin sassauci. Layin medulla na gashi mai kyau yana da ƙarancin haɓakawa, layin cortex yana da ɗan kauri, zaruruwa suna da ƙarfi, kuma ƙimar sana'a ta fi girma. Tsarin nama na bushe gashi daidai yake da na gashi na al'ada, amma tip ya bushe kuma ba shi da haske. Medulla Layer na mataccen gashi yana haɓaka musamman, gashin yana da kauri kuma yana da wuya, mai rauni da rauni. Gashin mai nau'in biyu kuma ana kiransa da gashi mai matsakaici, da kyawunsa da sauran dabi'un fasaha suna tsakanin ful da gashi.
③Bisa ga abun da ke ciki na fiber na quil:

Ana iya raba su zuwa nau'in gashi iri ɗaya da gauraye gashi. Na farko ya haɗa da ulu mai laushi, ulu mai laushi mai laushi da ulun da aka gyara na zamani, kuma ingancin fiber su, tsayi, da sauran halayen bayyanar su ne ainihin iri ɗaya; na karshen ya haɗa da ulu mai laushi da ulun da aka gyara ƙarancin tsara. Tsawon tsayi ba daidai ba ne, ƙimar yadin da aka saka yana da ƙasa, kuma ana amfani dashi galibi azaman albarkatun ƙasa don barguna, kafet da samfuran ji.
Tsarin nau'in ulu na duniya yana da kusan 31.3% lallausan ulu mai kyau, 42.3% ulu mara kyau da ulun matasan, da ulun kafet 26.4%. Asalin nau'in tumaki na kasar Sin su ne tumakin Mongolian, tumakin Tibet da tumakin Kazakhstan. Furen da aka samar yana da ƙarancin inganci kuma nau'in ulu ne mai gauraye, wanda galibi ana amfani da shi don ulun kafet. Daga cikin su, ulun Mongolian yana da ulun sanyi guda biyu tare da lallausan 52 zuwa 58 da ulu mara nauyi. Tushen Tibet yana da ɗan tsayi, yana da nau'in ulu iri biyu a cikin madaidaicin, yana da kyaun elasticity da haske, kuma shine mafi kyawun ulu mai gauraye; ulun Xining, wanda ake samarwa a Qinghai, yana da kyau danye don bargo da kafet. Sau da yawa ana haɗe ulun ulun Kazakh da ulu mai launi irin su rawaya da launin ruwan kasa, kuma gashin gashin yana ɗauke da busassun gashi da matattu. Bayan shekarun 1950, kasar Sin ta bullo da tumaki masu ulu masu kyau da tumaki masu karamin ulu daga kasashen waje, sannan ta yi kiwon tumaki na Xinjiang mai kyau da tumaki mai ulu a arewa maso gabas, wanda ya inganta ingancin ulu.

Rini na yarn ulu

Yana da yiwuwa a yi amfani da ƙaramin zafi auxiliaries miralan LTD da CTC-435 don rina ulu a ƙananan zafin jiki. Rinin ƙananan zafin jiki a 80 ° C na iya kaiwa matakin rini na al'ada. Mafi kyawun sashi na mataimakan biyu shine 2%.

Halin sinadarai

Babban bangaren
ulu shine keratin, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan ragowar α-amino acid, wanda za'a iya haɗa shi cikin wani nau'in nau'in nau'i mai nau'i mai nau'i mai tsayi, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin carboxyl, amine da hydroxyl, da dai sauransu, suna samar da salts tsakanin kwayoyin Bond da sauransu. hydrogen bond, da dai sauransu. Dogayen sarƙoƙi suna haɗe ta hanyar haɗin giciye da aka kafa ta hanyar haɗin disulfide na cystine. Tsarin sinadaran da ke sama yana ƙayyade halaye na ulu. Misali, lokacin da tsayin sarkar ulun fiber macromolecules ke shimfidawa da karfin waje, yana canzawa daga nau'in α-nau'in karkace zuwa nau'in shimfida nau'in β-nau'in, sannan ya koma nau'in α bayan an sami sassaucin karfin waje, bayyanar ulu. yana halin kyakkyawan elongation da elasticity na ulu. Ƙarfin ɗaukar danshi mai ƙarfi na ulu yana da alaƙa da wasu ƙungiyoyi akan sarkar gefe. Wool ya fi juriya acid amma ba juriya na alkali ba, saboda alkali cikin sauƙi yana lalata rukunin disulfide a cikin cystine na ulu, wanda ke lalata ingancin gashi. Oxidants kuma na iya lalata ƙungiyoyin disulfide da lalata ulu.
Alamun jiki
Abubuwan da ke cikin jiki na ulu sun haɗa da fineness, tsayi, lankwasawa, ƙarfi da haɓakawa, elasticity, ji, ɗaukar danshi, launi da sheki.
Fineness shine muhimmin tsari mai mahimmanci don ƙayyade inganci da amfani da ƙimar fiber na ulu. An bayyana shi ta hanyar micrometer diamita na fiber ko ƙidayar inganci; ƙarami mafi ƙanƙanta, mafi girman ƙidayar, kuma mafi kyawun za a zagaya shi. Tsawon ya haɗa da tsayin halitta da tsayin madaidaiciya. Na farko yana nufin nisa madaidaiciya tsakanin ƙarshen gashin gashi, kuma na ƙarshe shine tsayin da aka auna ta hanyar daidaita fiber. Tsawancin gashin gashi mai kyau yana sama da 20%, kuma gashi mai laushi yana kusan 10-20%. A cikin yanayin rashin kyau iri ɗaya, tsayin ulu, mafi girman aikin juyi, kuma mafi kyawun ingancin samfurin da aka gama. Ana amfani da lankwasa ko'ina a matsayin tushe don kimanta ingancin ulu. Don ulu tare da siffar lankwasa mai kyau, yarn da aka zana da samfurori suna da laushi mai laushi, mai kyau na elasticity da kuma jin dadi. Gashi masu kyau suna da adadi mai yawa na lanƙwasa kuma suna da yawa mai yawa, kuma gashin gashi masu kauri ne ko lebur ba tare da tanƙwara ba. Ƙarfi da haɓakawa suna da tasiri kai tsaye a kan ƙarfin da aka gama. Ƙarfi yana nufin damuwa na ulu don karya; elongation yana nufin tsayin daka ya karu saboda tasirin karya karfi. Ƙarfin karya na nau'ikan ulu daban-daban ya bambanta sosai. Kyakkyawan nau'in gashi iri ɗaya daidai yake da cikakken ƙarfinsa, mafi girman gashi, mafi girma ƙarfi. Mafi ci gaba medulla tare da medullary gashi ne, mafi muni da juriya ga karye. A elongation na ulu ne kullum har zuwa 20-50%. Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙira na iya kiyaye ainihin salon samfuran, wanda shine yanayin da ba dole ba ne na kafet da barguna. A ji da hygroscopicity na ulu ne gaba ɗaya mai kyau. Luster sau da yawa yana da alaƙa da yanayin ɗaukar hoto akan saman fiber. Gashin gashi mai laushi yana da rauni mai rauni don nuna haske kuma yana da laushi mai laushi; gashin kanana suna da karfi da kyalli. Sau da yawa ana haifar da ƙarancin haske ta hanyar lalacewa ga ma'aunin sikelin.

Hanyar sarrafawa

Ana buƙatar fara sarrafa ɗanyen ulun ya zama ulun da aka zagaya kafin a juye. A lokacin sarrafawa, ana zaɓar ulu don sanya ingancin ulu ya zama daidai, sa'an nan kuma ulu yana da laushi ta hanyar buɗe ulu don inganta tasirin wankewa. Sa'an nan kuma a wanke ulu don sanya lanolin ya zama bargaccen emulsion, kuma ƙazantattun ƙazanta suna yawo a cikin maganin wanka. Bayan magani, ana iya samun rigar ulu mai kusan kashi 40% na ruwa, sannan a bushe. A cikin samarwa, ana amfani da injin da aka haɗa don ci gaba da aiki sau ɗaya don samun ulu mai tsabta, sa'an nan kuma shigar da tsarin masana'antu na sama; saman da aka zana a kan kadi firam sa'an nan ya shiga kadi tsari.

Hanyar ulu fiber surface jiyya

Fasahar jiyya ta fuskar ulu tana magance ulu ta hanyar jiki, sinadarai, ilimin halitta da sauran hanyoyin don rage girman raguwar ji. Matsayin ji na zaren ulun da aka yiwa magani ya ragu.” A halin yanzu, akwai fasahohin magance fiber na ulu da yawa, kuma kowace hanya tana da fa'ida da rashin amfaninta.
Biotechnology The
Jiyya na ulu na ulu a halin yanzu shine fasahar jiyya na enzyme na halitta. Bioenzyme Saboda ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun sa da ingantaccen inganci, masana'antar yadi ta fi son shi. Duk da haka, kwayoyin halitta enzymes har yanzu suna cikin jariri a cikin maganin ulun ulu, kuma tasirin shirye-shiryen enzyme ba shi da gamsarwa. Takaitaccen tasirin magani yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci da daidaitawar muhalli. Ingantattun samfuran bio-enzyme tare da ingantaccen sinadarai sun zama babban fifiko. Zhu Huajun da sauransu sun yi nazarin sakamakon dichloroisocyanurate, protease, da MTG enzyme jiyya a kan ƙarfi, alkali solubility da gogayya factor na ulu zaruruwa. Sakamakon bincike ya nuna cewa: na farko 2 The jiyya daga cikin wadannan reagents zai lalata ulu samar da fiber, haifar da fiber karya ƙarfi don rage, da surface gogayya factor zama karami, da alkali solubility ƙara; fiber bayan an sarrafa maganin tare da MTG enzyme kuma yana da ɗan ƙarfin dawowa. Amma a matsayin kulawa mara kyau (Ba a kula da shi ba) samfurori ana gyara su da rauni bayan jiyya; tare da karuwar adadin MTG enzyme da lokacin jiyya, tasirin ƙarfafawa na enzyme da ɗan bambanci na fiber surface zai fara ƙarfafawa sannan kuma ya raunana.
Hanyoyin jiki da
Matakan jiki don sarrafa fibers na ulu Hanyoyi sun haɗa da fasahar maganin plasma, ulun ulu da fasaha na ɓacin rai, da sauransu. Plasma abu ne mai ionized gas mai kama da ion wanda ya ƙunshi ions masu kyau da kuma mummunan da aka haifar bayan wasu daga cikin electrons an hana su atom da ionization na kungiyoyin atomic. Plasma ta ƙunshi makamashi. Bayan da barbashi yayi tasiri a saman kayan, makamashi ya ɓace kuma an gyara yanayin kayan. Musanya makamashi tsakanin plasma da abu ya dogara ne akan radiation da karo na barbashi. Fasahar ƙananan zafin jiki na plasma wata fasaha ce da ke amfani da plasma kawai a matsayin abin motsa jiki da fiber a matsayin magani Hanyar sarrafa abu ba ta barin kayan da ba a so ba a cikin tsari, kuma yanayin da ya faru ya kasance kawai a saman fibre, wanda zai kasance a saman fiber. ba wai kawai ba ya shafar kaddarorin fiber kanta, amma kuma yana ba da filayen fiber sabbin halaye. An sake shi yayin aiwatar da aikin makamashin yana da girma, ta yadda za a iya cimma burin da tsarin sinadarai na gargajiya ba zai iya cim ma a ƙananan zafin jiki ba. Har ila yau, wannan hanyar tana da wasu kurakurai: akwai dalilai da yawa don saita yanayin amsawar gwaji, da kayan aiki na kayan aiki Tsarin amsawa ya fi rikitarwa, kuma wasu matsalolin fasaha akan kayan aiki suna buƙatar ƙarin daidaitawa kuma inganta, kuma ba shi yiwuwa a gane da sha'anin samar. Saboda haka, yana tsayawa ne kawai a matakin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Bayan maganin plasma, an jika masana'anta na ulu. Jika, karya ƙarfi, da yawan amfanin launi duk an inganta su.
Ƙunƙarar yarn ulu da fasaha mai laushi
Yadin da aka shimfiɗa da ulu da fasaha fasaha ce da ba ta da lahani ga jikin mutum da yanayi. Tsarin aiki na wannan fasaha an taƙaita shi kawai kamar: Takamaiman haɗin sinadarai na fiber ya karye ta hanyar reagents; samfurin bayan sinadari pretreatment an shimfiɗa ta ta hanyoyin jiki don daidaita sarkar kwayoyin da kuma gyara shi ta dindindin ta wurin zafi mai zafi. A halin yanzu, akwai hanyoyi guda 3 na mikewa da ɓarkewar zaruruwan ulu. : A takaice-gajeren da ba a riƙe shi ba (rike da girma), manyan-zango na da ke daɗaɗa (juyawa), kuma na juyawa zuwa gajere mai ɗorewa (withitin shimfiɗa). Bayan jiyya, tsarin sikelin farfajiya na fiber ya lalace, kuma fiber ya zama mafi sauƙi; Matsakaicin tsayi da ƙarfi An inganta fiber na ulu na yau da kullun, kuma rigidity ɗin fiber ya yi ƙasa da na ulu na yau da kullun. Ana iya amfani da shi don haɓaka yadudduka masu nauyi masu ƙididdigewa. A cikin 1980s, Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyyar Masana'antu ta Tarayya ta Australiya ta fara gano yiwuwar yin nazarin zaren ulun ulu, wanda ya haifar da misali ga wannan fasaha. Bayan haka, masu bincike daga ko'ina cikin duniya sun gudanar da bincike na dogon lokaci da zurfafa a wannan fanni. Ko da yake shimfiɗar ulu mai laushi da mai ladabi yana da halaye waɗanda ulu na yau da kullun ba su da, akwai wasu matsalolin fasaha na samarwa: tsayin daka ya warwatse, babban jiki yana da ƙananan, kuma wasu yarn ulu suna rina da sauri bayan shimfidawa, wanda ke da sauƙin fenti The Silinda ba shi da kyau, kuma bambancin launi tsakanin ciki da waje na ƙwallon gashin yana faruwa. A halin yanzu, akwai 'yan takardu da suka danganci tsarin shimfidawa da ɓacin rai.
Hanyoyin sunadarai da
Hanyoyin sinadarai don gama filayen ulu sun haɗa da fasaha na gyare-gyare na nanomaterial, fasahar lalata sinadarai, fasahar adana polymer, da sauransu.
Fasahar gyara kayan Nano

Lokacin da aka sarrafa girman barbashi na ainihin abu zuwa wani tsari na girma (nano-level), tsarin atomic da tsarin halittar halitta na saman sun canza, kuma tasirin musamman daban-daban daga abubuwan macroscopic sun kasance maye gurbi: tasirin saman, ƙananan girman. effects, da dai sauransu Lokacin da adadin zarra a saman da barbashi ƙaruwa, da surface makamashi zama ya fi girma, wanda zai iya samar da karfi surface effects da sinadaran aiki. Dalilin wannan maganin shi ne, babu wani zarra da zai iya daure shi, wanda zai sa ya zama yanayi mai zumudi. Aiki na irin wannan surface zarra iya ba kawai haifar da canje-canje a cikin surface tsarin nanoparticles, amma kuma haifar da canje-canje a cikin surface electron juya conformation da lantarki makamashi bakan. Ƙayyadaddun yanki da tasirin saman da nanomaterials ke samarwa zai iya sa ya sami aikin sinadarai na fili da kuma tallan sararin samaniya. A cikin nano-material gyare-gyare tsari, da nanoparticles suna daidai rarraba a cikin sauran ƙarfi, da kuma amsa tare da wani ɓangare na free radical kungiyoyin a kan surface sikelin tsarin na ulu fiber, sabõda haka, nano-foda suna har abada aggregated a kan ulu.
Zhu Yue et al. binciko tasirin nano-SiO da aka ɗora da azurfa akan gogayya da sawa kaddarorin ulu na ulu, kuma sun kafa nano-bakin ciki Layer tare da kaddarorin antimicrobial masu ɗorewa a saman ulun fiber. An lura da shi ta hanyar duba microscope na lantarki, an gano cewa ulun ulu yana da wani kauri na Layer na ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma saman fiber ya zama santsi. Sa'an nan kuma, ƙarfin da ƙarfin aiki na fiber guda ɗaya kafin da kuma bayan gwajin gwaji ana gwada su ta hanyar kayan aikin gwaji, kuma ana samun sakamako masu zuwa: Fiber surface yana da uniform bayan magani Ya inganta aikin anti-fracture; aikin juzu'i na samfurin gwajin ya inganta sosai, an rage al'amuran fluffing da pilling, kuma jin raguwar fiber na ulu ya raunana. Duk da haka, akwai kuma wasu matsaloli a cikin gwajin: siffar nanoparticles da aka yi amfani da su ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, kuma shigar da nanoparticles zai haifar da juzu'in juzu'i na fiber. Saboda haka, ya kamata a biya hankali ga haɗuwa da nanoparticles da fibers.
Fasahar lalata sinadarai

Lokacin da aka sarrafa ulu ta hanyar oxidants (hydrogen peroxide, manganese oxide mai launin toka, sodium dichloroisocyanurate, da dai sauransu), takamaiman nau'ikan haɗin haɗin sinadarai na keratinocytes sun karye, kuma adadin ƙungiyoyin da aka caje ko ƙwayoyin mai narkewa a cikin corneum na stratum yana ƙaruwa; hydrophilicity Sakamakon haka, ma'aunin ya zama mai laushi, yana haifar da raguwa a cikin bambance-bambancen ma'auni tsakanin gaba da baya, da kuma rage aikin jin dadi. Duk da haka, wannan hanya kuma tana da lahani, zai lalata fiber cortex Layer, ta haka yana rinjayar ƙarfin fiber da sauran ayyukan yadi. Ding Changwang da sauransu sun zaɓi reagents na jiyya kamar hydrogen peroxide, manganese oxide mai launin toka, da sodium dichloroisocyanurate don kula da filayen cashmere mutant. Ta hanyar gwada ƙarfin karyewa, aikin juzu'i, da yanayin yanayin yanayin samfuran fiber ɗin fiber guda huɗu bayan jiyya, ana nazarin tsangwama na nau'ikan oxidants daban-daban akan tsari da aiki na ma'aunin fiber cashmere mai canzawa, kuma tasirin hydrogen peroxide yana da ɗanɗano. m. Asarar ƙarfin karya yana cikin 5%. Sakamakon magani na potassium permanganate da sodium dichloroisocyanurate suna kama da haka, tasirin jiyya a bayyane yake, kuma ƙarfin karya yana raguwa da kusan 15%.
Hanyar shigar da polymer
Hanyar shigar da polymer hanya ce don rage juzu'i ta hanyar ajiye babban polymer akan ma'aunin fiber. Ka'idar anti-feting yafi yana da hanyoyin 3: ①Bayan ƙara ƙaramin adadin polymer, tsarin sikelin fiber na haɗin gwiwa yana faruwa a tsakanin juna, kuma ba zai iya haifar da ƙaura daga cikin zaruruwa ba; ② Bayan haɗuwa tare da kayan magani masu dacewa, an kafa saman fiber a cikin fim, kuma an rufe ma'auni ko an nannade gaba ɗaya; ③Bayan ƙara yawan adadin magani, an nannade shi akan fiber Polymer ya ware shi gaba ɗaya. Yawancin reagents ko samfuran da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ainihin tsarin jiyya wasu kaushi ne masu cutarwa ga muhalli ko ilimin halitta, wanda hakan ke shafar hasashen aikace-aikacen su. Zhou Wu ya yi amfani da hanyoyi guda biyu: dasa sinadarai na methacrylamide da maganin polyurethane M-501 don gyara fuskar tsabar tsabar kudi. An yi nazarin fiber ɗin cashmere ta hanyoyi biyu na gyaran fuska. Ayyukan aiki shine bincika matakin tsangwama nau'ikan hanyoyin saka polymer iri biyu akan aikin yadudduka na cashmere. Manufar gwajin ita ce ƙayyade alamun aikin cashmere da fibers na ulu a ƙarƙashin ma'auni daban-daban.
The ci gaban Trend na ulu fiber surface jiyya fasaha
A halin yanzu, yawancin hanyoyin maganin gyaran fuskar fiber ana bi da su tare da reagents na sinadarai. Matrix fiber matrix shine lalace, za a barnatar da albarkatu masu yawa a lokacin aikin noma, kuma hakan zai gurbata muhalli sosai. Yadda ake kula da saman fiber yadda ya kamata da muhalli ya zama wurin bincike na yanzu. Binciken na cikin gida na yanzu yana da manyan matsalolin masu zuwa: ①A zaɓi na reagents don maganin gyaran fuska na fiber har yanzu yana ƙarƙashin bincike, kuma ba a kwatanta tasirin reagents da aka yi amfani da su a cikin nau'in gwaji iri ɗaya ba, kuma an zaɓi mafi dacewa da reagents na gwaji. . ②Bambanci daga nazarin macroscopic, saitin abubuwan da matakan da ke cikin gwaje-gwaje na microscopic zai shafi kai tsaye ga canje-canje a cikin tsarin ma'aunin fiber, har ma da lalata dermal Layer na fibers, wanda ya haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali na fiber fiction Properties. Don haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin nazarin shirye-shiryen gwaji na musamman. A cikin ci gaba na gaba na fasahar jiyya na fiber fiber surface, lokacin da fasaha guda ɗaya ba zai iya cika yanayin ba, masu bincike ya kamata su haɗa nau'ikan fasahar jiyya na ulu daban-daban. Yin haka ba wai kawai zai iya gyara gazawar kowace fasahar sarrafa kayan aiki ba, har ma da gano sabbin halaye na zaren ulu. Tare da ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha, saurin ci gaban fasaha a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta zai kawo sabon ci gaba ga fasahar jiyya ta fiber surface.

Hanyar hukunci

Hanyar gano ji
Wannan hanyar ba ta buƙatar kowane abu ko kayan aiki, dogaro da hankalin mutum, ƙwarewar aiki na dogon lokaci, da ganewa dangane da yanayin masana'anta da fata. Tsawon fiber na gashin zomo shine gabaɗaya 30-50 mm. Akwai ƙarin zaruruwan gashi na zomo, wanda ke nufin cewa adadin sinadarai na zomo yana da yawa kuma samfuran suna da tsayi. Acrylic sweaters (wanda aka fi sani da jabun ulun ulu), saboda filaye na acrylic suna da halaye na musamman kamar ulu, yana da wahala a rarrabe. Amma idan dai kun lura da kuma kwatanta bambance-bambance, har yanzu akwai bambance-bambance. Magana mai mahimmanci, samfurori na ulu suna da laushi, sun fi dacewa, suna da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun, kuma suna da launi mai laushi.
Hanyar konewa
kayan ulu, lokacin konewa, hayaki da kumfa yayin kona, tare da kamshin gashi mai zafi, da yawan toka, dunƙule baki mai sheki. Kayayyakin fiber na acrylic, lokacin ƙonewa, suna ƙonewa a hankali yayin narkewa, harshen wuta yana da fari, mai haske da ƙarfi, ɗan hayaƙi baƙar fata, kamshin kifi, launin toka mai siffar siffa mai launin toka, gaggauce da rauni. Kayayyakin nailan suna ƙonewa a hankali yayin narkewa. Akwai ɗan farin hayaƙi lokacin konewa. Harshen yana da shuɗi mai ƙamshi na seleri, kuma yana da launin ruwan kasa kuma yana da wuyar gaske, ba shi da sauƙi a juya.